预测，预测了大量的机器人和人为辅助任务。 NASA为了解这些天体的地质和构成的努力在很大程度上取决于机器人臂的使用。当人类与机器人探险家一起工作时，安全性和冗余方面至关重要。此外，机器人臂对于卫星维修和计划的轨道碎片缓解任务至关重要。这项工作的目的是创建一个基于自定义的计算机视觉（CV）的人工神经网络（ANN），该神经网络将能够快速识别从单个（RGB-D）的7度自由（DOF）机器人组的姿势图像 - 就像人类可以轻松识别手臂是否指向一定方向一样。 Sawyer机器人臂用于开发和培训这种智能算法。由于Sawyer的关节空间涵盖了7个维度，因此覆盖整个联合配置空间是一项无法克服的任务。在这项工作中，使用类似于Taguchi方法的正交阵列，以有效地跨越关节空间，以最少的训练图像数量。该生成的数据库用于训练自定义ANN，其准确度平均等于数据库生成使用的最小关节位移步骤的两倍。预先训练的ANN将有助于估计在太空站，航天器和流浪者作为辅助工具或应急计划上使用的机器人操纵器的姿势。

机器人和人类月球着陆是未来NASA任务的重点。精确着陆功能对于确保任务的成功以及着陆器和机组人员的安全至关重要。在进入表面的方法中，存在与危险相对导航相关的多个挑战，以确保安全着陆。本文将重点介绍被动自主危害检测和避免子系统，以对指导系统的可能着陆区进行初步评估。该系统使用单个摄像头和Mobilenetv2神经网络体系结构来检测和辨别安全的着陆点和危险，例如岩石，阴影和陨石坑。然后，来自运动的单眼结构将重新创建表面以提供斜率和粗糙度分析。

这项工作利用MobileNETV2卷积神经网络（CNN）快速，移动检测卫星和拒绝恒星，在混乱的未解决的空间图像中。首先，使用合成卫星图像程序中的图像创建自定义数据库，并在卫星上标记为“卫星阳性”图像的框架框。然后在此数据库上训练CNN，并通过在由真实望远镜图像构建的外部数据集上检查模型的准确性来验证推理。在此过程中，训练有素的CNN提供了一种快速卫星识别方法，可在基于地面的轨道估计中使用。

Are extralinguistic signals such as image pixels crucial for inducing constituency grammars? While past work has shown substantial gains from multimodal cues, we investigate whether such gains persist in the presence of rich information from large language models (LLMs). We find that our approach, LLM-based C-PCFG (LC-PCFG), outperforms previous multi-modal methods on the task of unsupervised constituency parsing, achieving state-of-the-art performance on a variety of datasets. Moreover, LC-PCFG results in an over 50% reduction in parameter count, and speedups in training time of 1.7x for image-aided models and more than 5x for video-aided models, respectively. These results challenge the notion that extralinguistic signals such as image pixels are needed for unsupervised grammar induction, and point to the need for better text-only baselines in evaluating the need of multi-modality for the task.

We present Masked Audio-Video Learners (MAViL) to train audio-visual representations. Our approach learns with three complementary forms of self-supervision: (1) reconstruction of masked audio and video input data, (2) intra- and inter-modal contrastive learning with masking, and (3) self-training by reconstructing joint audio-video contextualized features learned from the first two objectives. Pre-training with MAViL not only enables the model to perform well in audio-visual classification and retrieval tasks but also improves representations of each modality in isolation, without using information from the other modality for fine-tuning or inference. Empirically, MAViL sets a new state-of-the-art on AudioSet (53.1 mAP) and VGGSound (67.1% accuracy). For the first time, a self-supervised audio-visual model outperforms ones that use external supervision on these benchmarks. Code will be available soon.

Semantic navigation is necessary to deploy mobile robots in uncontrolled environments like our homes, schools, and hospitals. Many learning-based approaches have been proposed in response to the lack of semantic understanding of the classical pipeline for spatial navigation, which builds a geometric map using depth sensors and plans to reach point goals. Broadly, end-to-end learning approaches reactively map sensor inputs to actions with deep neural networks, while modular learning approaches enrich the classical pipeline with learning-based semantic sensing and exploration. But learned visual navigation policies have predominantly been evaluated in simulation. How well do different classes of methods work on a robot? We present a large-scale empirical study of semantic visual navigation methods comparing representative methods from classical, modular, and end-to-end learning approaches across six homes with no prior experience, maps, or instrumentation. We find that modular learning works well in the real world, attaining a 90% success rate. In contrast, end-to-end learning does not, dropping from 77% simulation to 23% real-world success rate due to a large image domain gap between simulation and reality. For practitioners, we show that modular learning is a reliable approach to navigate to objects: modularity and abstraction in policy design enable Sim-to-Real transfer. For researchers, we identify two key issues that prevent today's simulators from being reliable evaluation benchmarks - (A) a large Sim-to-Real gap in images and (B) a disconnect between simulation and real-world error modes - and propose concrete steps forward.

We consider the problem of embodied visual navigation given an image-goal (ImageNav) where an agent is initialized in an unfamiliar environment and tasked with navigating to a location 'described' by an image. Unlike related navigation tasks, ImageNav does not have a standardized task definition which makes comparison across methods difficult. Further, existing formulations have two problematic properties; (1) image-goals are sampled from random locations which can lead to ambiguity (e.g., looking at walls), and (2) image-goals match the camera specification and embodiment of the agent; this rigidity is limiting when considering user-driven downstream applications. We present the Instance-specific ImageNav task (InstanceImageNav) to address these limitations. Specifically, the goal image is 'focused' on some particular object instance in the scene and is taken with camera parameters independent of the agent. We instantiate InstanceImageNav in the Habitat Simulator using scenes from the Habitat-Matterport3D dataset (HM3D) and release a standardized benchmark to measure community progress.

National Health and Nutritional Status Survey (NHANSS) is conducted annually by the Ministry of Health in Negara Brunei Darussalam to assess the population health and nutritional patterns and characteristics. The main aim of this study was to discover meaningful patterns (groups) from the obese sample of NHANSS data by applying data reduction and interpretation techniques. The mixed nature of the variables (qualitative and quantitative) in the data set added novelty to the study. Accordingly, the Categorical Principal Component (CATPCA) technique was chosen to interpret the meaningful results. The relationships between obesity and the lifestyle factors like demography, socioeconomic status, physical activity, dietary behavior, history of blood pressure, diabetes, etc., were determined based on the principal components generated by CATPCA. The results were validated with the help of the split method technique to counter verify the authenticity of the generated groups. Based on the analysis and results, two subgroups were found in the data set, and the salient features of these subgroups have been reported. These results can be proposed for the betterment of the healthcare industry.

In this work, we show how to learn a visual walking policy that only uses a monocular RGB camera and proprioception. Since simulating RGB is hard, we necessarily have to learn vision in the real world. We start with a blind walking policy trained in simulation. This policy can traverse some terrains in the real world but often struggles since it lacks knowledge of the upcoming geometry. This can be resolved with the use of vision. We train a visual module in the real world to predict the upcoming terrain with our proposed algorithm Cross-Modal Supervision (CMS). CMS uses time-shifted proprioception to supervise vision and allows the policy to continually improve with more real-world experience. We evaluate our vision-based walking policy over a diverse set of terrains including stairs (up to 19cm high), slippery slopes (inclination of 35 degrees), curbs and tall steps (up to 20cm), and complex discrete terrains. We achieve this performance with less than 30 minutes of real-world data. Finally, we show that our policy can adapt to shifts in the visual field with a limited amount of real-world experience. Video results and code at https://antonilo.github.io/vision_locomotion/.

Adaptive optimization methods are well known to achieve superior convergence relative to vanilla gradient methods. The traditional viewpoint in optimization, particularly in convex optimization, explains this improved performance by arguing that, unlike vanilla gradient schemes, adaptive algorithms mimic the behavior of a second-order method by adapting to the global geometry of the loss function. We argue that in the context of neural network optimization, this traditional viewpoint is insufficient. Instead, we advocate for a local trajectory analysis. For iterate trajectories produced by running a generic optimization algorithm OPT, we introduce $R^{\text{OPT}}_{\text{med}}$, a statistic that is analogous to the condition number of the loss Hessian evaluated at the iterates. Through extensive experiments, we show that adaptive methods such as Adam bias the trajectories towards regions where $R^{\text{Adam}}_{\text{med}}$ is small, where one might expect faster convergence. By contrast, vanilla gradient methods like SGD bias the trajectories towards regions where $R^{\text{SGD}}_{\text{med}}$ is comparatively large. We complement these empirical observations with a theoretical result that provably demonstrates this phenomenon in the simplified setting of a two-layer linear network. We view our findings as evidence for the need of a new explanation of the success of adaptive methods, one that is different than the conventional wisdom.